索绪尔与保罗之关联——以两组二分概念为例

The relation between Saussure and Paul: Taking two pairs of dichotomies as examples

语言学界对索绪尔思想源流的考察范围虽广,但所涉及的史学研究方法仍有待释清。本文以区分语言静态与动态的两组二分概念为例,重构索绪尔与保罗之间的联系,以此呈现理论源考中对研究史与思想史的区分。文章首先基于手稿、信件等已查实且可验证的一手史料,从研究史角度证明了保罗对索氏理论形成的影响;再通过对比《语言史原理》(第四版1909)与《普通语言学教程》(1916)中的相关理论,从思想史角度揭示了两者的语言学思想由“有机体”概念一脉相承,但又因分别选择了个体和社会作为研究视点,进而发展出各自的理论体系。最后,重新探讨了两人及其理论在语言学发展史中的角色和地位。

The sources of Ferdinand de Saussure’s(1857-1913)language theory have been researched intensively in linguistic historiographical studies.However,since methodologies used in these studies do not always accord well with their research questions,there are controversial views on this topic.In this paper,the author will clarify two kinds of historiographical studies from the methodological aspect,namely the history of research activities(Forschungsgeschichte)and the history of ideas(Ideengeschichte).Taking two pairs of dichotomies which distinguish between the static and dynamic state of language as examples,the author will reconstruct the relation between Saussure and Hermann Paul(1846-1921)–one of the most important theorists of the Neogrammarian School.Firstly,based on their manuscripts and scholarly correspondence,Paul’s influence on Saussure will be verified.Then,the author will compare the linguistic ideas in Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte(1909)and Cours de linguistique générale(1916),so as to shed light on the differences and connections between Paul and Saussure.In this way,it could be further demonstrated how Saussure was influenced by Paul.Finally,in the light of this analysis,the significance of these two scholars in the history of linguistics will be reassessed.