动态系统论视角下自动驾驶侵权损害赔偿体系之建构

Constructing an Autonomous Vehicle Infringement Compensation System from the Perspective of Dynamic System Theory

自动驾驶汽车侵权损害赔偿案件主要存在责任认定、举证责任和配套制度建构的缺失三大问题,本质上是由于自动驾驶汽车的特殊的构造机理对传统的“要件—效果”式的侵权责任认定方式产生冲击,“动态系统论”为我们提供了判断自动驾驶侵权的方法论体系,确定原因力、过错和危险作为基础评价要素,并基于此构建“以原因力认定为主、过错认定为辅,并兼顾危险因素”的自动驾驶汽车侵权责任认定基础评价体系。在此前提下还要注重配套制度建设,当自动驾驶汽车侵权发生在自主性状态下时,可由承保产品责任保险的公司赔偿,如果保险公司能够举证证明是因为产品缺陷的问题或者由于驾驶人的过错导致事故发生,则允许保险公司向自动驾驶汽车制造商或者驾驶人追偿;如果自动驾驶汽车侵权事故发生在人工驾驶状态下,则按照一般的机动车道路交通事故认定即可。另外,也应当建立自动驾驶汽车侵权鉴定中心等专业机构,辅助产品缺陷之认定;建立自动驾驶汽车规模化侵权国家补偿计划,以应对网络安全问题所导致的规模化侵权事故。

The complex mechanism of auto-vehicles makes the infringing causality subject to three major problems in the field of autonomous vehicle infringement,including the identification of responsibilities,the allocation of burden of proof and the construction of supporting systems.In essence,it is due to the impact of the special structural mechanism of autopilot on traditional“element effect”approach to infringement responsibility identification.The“Dynamic System Theory”provides us with a methodological framework for judging the infringement of automatic driving.Firstly,causal force,fault and danger are identified as the basic evaluation elements.Then we formulate the basic evaluation system in which causal force identification is taken as the main factor,fault identification as the supplement-ary factor and the risk factors should be considered as well.Under this premise,we must attach importance to the supporting system construction.When the automobile driving infringement occurs in the state of autonomy,the company will first be compensated by the insurance company that undertakes the product liability insurance.Then,if the insurance company can prove that it is a product defection or a driver’s fault,the insurance company will be allowed to recover compensation from the manufacture or the driver.If the driving vehicle infringement accident occurs in the manual driving state,it can be handled according to the general motor vehicle road traffic accident.In addition,professional organizations,such as automatic driving vehicle identification center,should be established to assist the identification of product defects.Finally,a National Compensation Plan for automatic driving vehicle infringement should be established to deal with large-scale tort accidents caused by network security problems.