七十年来我国义务教育政策的演变与发展

The Evolution and Development of China’s Compulsory Education Policy in the Past 70 Years

教育政策直接关乎教育事业的改革和发展,义务教育作为国民发展之根基,其政策的推行更是影响甚大。重温新中国成立七十年来我国义务教育政策的演进历程,对当前如何办好人民满意的义务教育有着重要的理论启示和实践参照。我国义务教育政策大致经历了非均衡发展政策阶段、非均衡向均衡发展过渡政策阶段和义务教育城乡一体化政策阶段的演进历程,并呈现以教育公平为导向的政策价值、以政府强势主导的自上而下的制度调整为主、以多学科理论为根基的政策表达规则、以增量变迁带动存量变迁的渐进式制度变迁为主的基本特点。未来义务教育政策应加大农村教育支持力度,消解历史欠账;破解路径依赖,坚持自上而下和自下而上相结合;强化多科学理论的融合,弥补制度缺陷;优化制度设计,进一步完善义务教育一体化政策。

Education policy is directly related to the reform and development of education.As the foundation of national development,compulsory education has a great influence with the implementation of its policy.Throughout the 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the evolution process of China’s compulsory education policy has important theoretical enlightenment and practical reference for how to run a good compulsory education that people are satisfied with.The evolution of China’s compulsory education policy has roughly gone through the stages of unbalanced development policy,the transition from unbalanced to balanced development policy and the integration of urban and rural compulsory education policy.It also presents the policy value oriented by education equity,the top-down system adjustment dominated by the government,the policy rules based on the multi-disciplinary theories and the basic characteristics of gradual institutional change driven by incremental change.In the future,the policy of compulsory education should strengthen the support of rural education and eliminate the historical debts,break the path dependence and adhere to the combination of top-down and bottom-up paths,strengthen the integration of multi-disciplinary theories and make up for the system defects,optimize the system design and further improve the policy of compulsory education integration.