从听证走向协商:公众参与行政决策的实践反思与程序嬗变

From Hearing to Consultation:The Practical Reflection and Procedural Change of Public Participation in Administrative Decision-making

听证程序作为落实公众参与行政决策的重要举措,实践中存在着有效论辩不足、忽视公益合作等缺陷。"决策协商"与"决策听证"的区别,除论辩程度的形式差距外,实质还在于前者对"公益与合作"的关注,在转变偏好致力合作的基础上,实现更彻底的公众参与以优化决策。听证统一基础立法和国家专门性立法的缺失,为决策协商的体系重塑提供了可能,同时,面向组织架构、专业协商、公众论辩等方面域外有益经验的借鉴,也为决策协商实体内容的构筑提供了支持。因此,立足于完善统一专门立法、程序建构的经济视角与合作视角,并在区分前协商、正式协商、后协商等阶段程序的具体构筑下,即可实现决策协商对听证程序的系统化转换。

As an important measure to implement public participation in administrative decision-making,the hearing procedure has some defects,such as lack of argumentation and neglect of public welfare cooperation. The difference between"decision consultation"and "decision hearing",in addition to the possible gap in the degree of argument,is essentially the former’s concern for "public welfare and cooperation",on the basis of changing preferences and striving for cooperation,to achieve more thorough public participation in order to optimize decision-making. The lack of unified basic legislation and central specialized legislation for hearing provides the possibility for the system remodeling of decision-making consultation,and at the same time,it lays a foundation for the construction of the content of the entity of decision-making negotiation for the reference of the extraterritorial beneficial experience in the aspects of organizational structure,professional consultation and public argumentation. Therefore,based on the improvement of the unified special legislation,procedural construction of the economic perspective and cooperation perspective,and in the pre-distinction between consultation,formal consultation,post-consultation and other stages of the process of the specific construction,can achieve the decision-making consultation on the systematic transformation of the hearing procedure.