新疆兵团盐渍化农田现状与防治对策

Soil Salinization in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:Current Situation and Prevention and Control Countermeasures

为了研究新疆兵团土壤盐渍化现状问题,2015-2017年基于盐碱地划分标准设计了盐碱地分类面积表、盐碱地化学类型表、不同程度盐碱地生产状况表和盐碱地改良状况表等4份调查表,对139个团场进行盐渍化调查。调查结果表明,兵团盐渍化农田面积约为53.1万hm2,占总播种面积(120.2万hm2)的44%,盐渍化耕地中约23.2%为原生盐渍土,76.8%为次生盐渍土;硫酸盐型、氯化物型、苏打型和碱土型盐渍化耕地的面积分别为16.19万、5.85万、20.65万、10.41万hm2,分别占兵团盐渍化土壤面积的30.5%、11.0%、38.9%、19.6%。次生盐渍化普遍造成作物减产,化肥和有机肥投入量随着盐渍化加剧而增加。目前,盐碱地治理的方法有水利改良、农业改良、生物治理和化学改良,但是不同改良方法的改良效果差别较大,水利措施和农业措施改良效果较好。为防治土壤盐渍化,需建立兵团耕地质量数据库和兵团盐渍化农田综合治理领导小组,联合疆内外高校共同开展技术攻关与技术集成。

To study the current situation of soil salinization in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(XPCC), relevant investigation tables, i.e."Classified Area Table of Saline-alkali Land","Chemistry Type Table of Saline-alkali Land","Production Status Table of Saline-alkali Land of Different Degrees"and"Improvement Status Table of Saline-alkali Land"were designed based on the division standard of salinealkali land from 2015 to 2017, and the soil salinization status of 139 farms were investigated. The results showed that: the salinized farmland area of XPCC was about 531000 hm2, accounting for 44% of the total sown area(1202000 hm2);about 23.2% of salinized farmland was primary saline soil, and 76.8% of that was secondary saline soil;the areas of sulfate-type, chloride-type, soda-type and alkali-type salinized cropland were 161900, 58500, 206500 and 104100 hm2, respectively, accounting for 30.5%, 11.0%, 38.9% and 19.6%of the XPCC’s salinized soil area;secondary salinization generally resulted in the reduction of crop yield and the increase of input of fertilizer and organic fertilizer with salinization. At present, there are different methods in the treatments of saline-alkali land, such as, water conservancy improvement, agricultural improvement,biological improvement and chemical improvement, but the effects are different. the improvement effects of water conservancy measures and agricultural measures are good. In order to prevent and control soil salinization, it is necessary to establish the farmland quality database and the leading group of salinization farmland comprehensive management of XPCC, and jointly carry out technical research and integration with universities in and outside of Xinjiang.