制造华佗:中国古代华佗形象的演变

Creating Hua Tuo:the Evolution of Hua Tuo’s Image in Ancient Chinese History

华佗是东汉末年的人物,其最初的形象为士人和医师,其后逐渐地向神仙和汉室忠臣两种形象演变。他本是以行医为业的士人,因医术高超,在政治和经学上未有建树,被史家归为方技,后世遂沿袭其说,偏重于他的医师形象。其神仙形象最初主要由医师和道士群体所塑造,后因不同区域和群体的社会文化环境差异而被进一步复杂化。华佗拥刘反曹的忠臣形象则主要受宋元以来民间以蜀汉为正统思想的影响,由士人和民众共同塑造而成。作为一种文化符号,华佗形象的演变反映了文化记忆的复杂性及其与社会文化环境的关系。

Hua Tuo was a figure in the late Eastern Han Dynasty,his original images was a scholar and a physician,then gradually evolved into two images of immortals and loyal officials in the Han Dynasty.As his medical skill was great and he didn’t make grate contribution to politics and the study of Confucian classics,he was thought as Fangji by historians which version was accepted by later ages.His immortal image was initially shaped by physicians and Taoist groups,and was further complicated by the differences in the social and cultural environments of different regions and groups.His loyal officials image,which supporting Han Dynasty and fighting against Cao Cao,was mainly influenced by the popular thought that take Shu Han as the legal government since the Song and Yuan Dynasties,which was created by scholars and the public.As a cultural symbol,the evolution of Hua Tuo’s image revealed the complexity of cultural memory and its relationship with the socio-cultural environment.