一般智力与解放的乌托邦:当代西方左翼主体理论的再反思——基于马克思恩格斯对“脑力劳动无产阶级”及其历史使命的阐释

General Intellect and Utopia of Emancipation:Reflection on Theories of Subject in Contemporary Western Left Wings--Based on Marx and Engels’Interpretation of Mental Working Proletariat

自治主义和认知资本主义流派基于一般智力、非物质劳动、认知劳动和知识生产等问题对马克思恩格斯的阶级理论做出了新的反思,分别提出了诸众、认知无产阶级和认知工人理论,并在此基础上提出了新的斗争策略。这种建构的理论意义是值得肯定的,但也存在不可避免的缺陷。在马克思恩格斯看来,智力是人类的共有属性,决不是划分阶级的主导尺度;物质劳动与非物质劳动、体力劳动与脑力劳动也不是区别工人阶级与诸众的标准;而劳动力与创造力的二元对立也是有问题的。无产阶级革命不仅需要体力劳动无产阶级,也需要脑力劳动无产阶级,后者应当摒弃智力的功利主义形式,同前者一起并肩作战,为人类解放和无产阶级革命贡献自己的聪明才智。

Autonomism and cognitive capitalism make some new reflection on Marx and Engels’class logic,and produce the theories of multitude,cognitariat and cognitive worker based on general intellect,immaterial labour,cognitive labour and knowledge production.Their attempts are worth praising,although there are some inevitable defects.In Marx and Engels’view,intellect is a common attribute of human,so that it is not considered as the basic standard of dividing class.The difference between material labour and immaterial labour,mental labor and physical labour is not the criterion of distinguishing working class and multitude;meanwhile labour power and invention power are not two opposite logics.Proletariat revolution needs not only physical working proletariat but also mental working proletariat.The latter should abandon the utilitarianism of intellect,fight together with the former,and contribute their intellects to proletariat liberation.