民法典编纂视野下物权变动的解释论

A Doctrinal Analysis of Ownership Transference Mode in the Context of China Civil Law Codification

基于法律行为的物权变动模式是民法体系中的核心节点性问题之一,与无权处分、善意取得、不当得利等重要制度都高度相关,对公法上众多管制规范目的的实现亦有重要影响,在民法典编纂过程中理应得到更多关注。从法律行为制度的基本原理(及意思自治的基本原则)和物权变动的形式主义原则这两项我国实证法上具有共识的基点出发,结合《中华人民共和国物权法》颁行以来立法、司法解释和裁判实践的发展,在历史、体系、逻辑、价值等要素的互动关照下,可以认为,负担行为与处分行为的区分以及物权行为的独立性,无论是在立法、司法实践还是民法学说上,都已逐渐获得普遍认可;而物权行为的无因性,尽管在技术和价值上可能更具合理性,但仍缺乏足够的规范基础,也尚未形成广泛的学说共识。有因的物权形式主义在技术和价值上较具有包容性,可作为现行法下较务实和稳妥的解释论方案。该方案可融合"债权形式主义"的若干实质观点,也有助于通说之形成。

Based on juridical act( Rechtsgeschaft),the mode of transferring ownership is a key problem of great systemic significance to civil law theory and practice. It directly interrelates with important rules with regard to transferring ownership without right or authority,good faith acquisition,and unjust enrichment. It also contributes to attaining the purposes of many mandatory rules of public law. Close attention ought to be drawn to this issue in the process of China’s civil law codification. This essay provides a doctrinal analysis based upon the established consensus in positive law on the basic rationale of juridical act( together with the principle of party autonomy) and the principle of publicity( Publizittsprinzip) concerning transferring ownership. Given recent development of legislation,judicial interpretations and judicial decisions since the adoption of Property Law in 2007 under interactive influence of legislative history,legal system,logic and value. It is appropriate to conclude that the distinction between contract( Verpflichtungsgeschaft) and conveyance( Verfügungsgeschaft),i. e. the principle of separation( Trennungsprinzip),has already been generally embraced by Chinese legislature,courts and scholars. By contrast,the principle of abstract real conveyance( Abstraktionsprinzip),though technically and substantively reasonable or even preferable in theory,still lacks solid foundation in existing laws,and has not reached an agreement among scholars. Accepting the principle of separation while abandoning the principle of abstraction might be a practical compromise to construct the mode of transferring ownership in Chinese civil law. This practice may overlap with competing views substantively in many aspects,and therefore facilitate the prevalence of a legal consensus.