传授、规训与共享:非正规旅游经营者的群体学习与知识流动

IMPARTING,DISCIPLINE AND SSHHAARRIINNGG: GROUP LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE FLOW OF INFORMAL TOURISM OPERATORS

不同于精英阶层获取知识的正式教育模式,以非正规群体为代表的社会基层群体更多依靠非正式教育渠道实现知识技能的学习。本文将广州电视塔周边的非正规旅游摄影经营者作为研究对象,在个体访谈和非参与式观察的基础上采用质性研究方法探究其知识技能学习与管理的过程。研究发现非正规旅游经营群体的知识学习表现出明显的集体行为特征,知识在群体组织网络中高度依靠关系导向实现流动共享,并且在群体内部形成了"核心-次核心-边缘"的等级体系,知识的流动又被作为维护等级权威的规训管理手段反作用于群体组织。此外,群体通过知识技能的标准化来增强集体的共享互惠效果,形成非正规旅游经营群体"自下而上"的群体学习与知识流动的有力保障。

Different from the formal education mode for elite to acquire knowledge, the grass-roots group represented by informal groups rely more on informal education channels to learn knowledge and skills due to various difficulties in real life. Informal groups are special groups existing in the development of modern cities in China, and the informal tourism business group is a typical representative of the informal groups. This paper takes informal tourism business group as the research object and adopts qualitative research method to explore their knowledge & skills learning and management process on the basis of individual interview and non-participatory observation. The study found that the knowledge learning of informal business group is embedded in the social network structure, showing obvious collective behavior characteristics. What’s more,based on the rules of "personal relationships and networks embedded in family, society, friends or ethnic groups", knowledge sharing in group is highly depends on relationship orientation, and an informal hierarchy of "core-sub-core-edge" has been formed within the group. In informal group which lack formal hierarchy structure, the flow of knowledge is also used as a disciplinary management means to maintain the authority of the hierarchy and react on the group organization. While at the same time ensuring the orderly fairness of informal groups. In addition, through the standardization of knowledge and skills,the group enhances the collective sharing reciprocal effect through the standardization of knowledge and skills, which provides alternative operational rules when the formal education welfare is insufficient and forms a strong guarantee for the "bottom-up" group learning and knowledge flow of the informal business groups.