韦伯政治社会学思想对现代宪制理论研究的意义

Significance of Max Weber’s Political-Sociology Thoughts to Modern Constitutional Theory Research

在魏玛制宪前夕撰写的政治著述中,韦伯将以官僚制支配为焦点展开的政治社会学思想转述为具体的宪制理论方案,提出应以议会民主、克里斯玛领袖民主等多元机制矫正德国强大的官僚体制传统。韦伯对魏玛宪法的内在民主制架构产生了深刻影响,提炼韦伯的理论命题对理解德国现代宪法史与二十世纪人类宪法思想史均有关键意义。韦伯在官僚制与民主制、议会民主与领袖民主等"理想类型"之间、在理性资本主义与理性社会主义、热烈的民族主义与冷静的理性主义之间的辩证思考和始终保有的价值平衡,对深化思考我国国家治理体系现代化所需要的制度与观念形态富有参考价值。

In a series of political writings before the opening of the Constitutional Convention at Weimar, Max Weber put forward his arguments about the contents and structure of the future new constitution from the theoretical perspectives of his political-sociology. Weber called for parliamentary democratization and looked to the plebiscitarian leader democracy as the forces of German political transition. Weber’s political theory had great influence on the framers of Weimar Constitution. Elaborating the essential thoughts of Weber’s political-sociology will be critical premises for us to analyze and understand the salient problems of the history of Weimar constitution in depth. Weber’s insights on the rationalization under the context of capitalism and socialism, his balanced judgements on the relationship of parliamentary democracy and leader democracy and his moderate standpoints between the nationalism and rationalism can be useful for Chinese legal scholars to ponder over the problem of modernization of national governance in contemporary China.