我国非遗保护中正规和非正规教育的实践与反思

Practice and reflection on formal and non-formal education for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage in China

正规和非正规教育是《保护非物质文化遗产公约》中明确提出的促进非遗保护传承的重要手段。由于理论研究不足,我国目前非遗保护实践中正规和非正规教育作用认识的争议不断。从《国际教育标准分类》中对正规和非正规教育界定与作用阐释出发,总结国内十余年的非遗正规和非正规教育实践形式,指出正规和非正规教育在当下非遗保护中所发挥的知识习得、“意识”唤醒、人才培养、深化研究以及弥补传承人群知识不足、增强文化自信和提升项目发展活力的作用;对于正规和非正规教育在非遗保护中的作用与影响评估,应着眼于长远,既应注重个体差异、个案与当下,也要着眼于项目存续、社区发展与未来。

Formal education and non-formal education are two significant ways to promote the safeguarding and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage,which is clearly stated in the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.However,due to the lack of enough theoretical research,enormous disputes exist over the role of formal and non-formal education in practice.Based on the definition and illustration from International Standard Classification of Education,this paper summarizes the formal and non-formal education practice forms of intangible cultural heritage over the last decade,and stresses the vital role the education may play in acquiring knowledge,awakening consciousness,cultivating talents,deepening researches and in the meantime,enriching inheritors’knowledge,enhancing cultural confidence and developing project vitality.When evaluating the effect and influence of formal and non-formal education in the protection of intangible cultural heritage,we should focus on the long-term benefits.We must respect the individual differences and consider each case with its present condition,and meanwhile,we may also take into consideration the project continuity and community development in the future.