姚安改土归流考

Research on the Replacement of Yaoan’s Native Officers

明代之前,中央政府对姚安地区主要实行羁縻或土司制度。明朝政府平定姚安后,实行郡县制,设立姚安府,有针对性地进行改土归流。原来的高氏总管为同知,知府均由流官担任。姚安守御所亦建立起来,并且与姚安府同城而治。从洪武十五年流官初设,到万历末年,姚安基本为流官所治理,土官只起辅助作用。清朝雍正时期,通过进一步的改土归流,姚安府土同知的历史得以终结。在改土归流的基础上,地方政府对辖地采取类似中原地区的政治、经济、文化政策,深刻影响了姚安的社会经济发展。此后汉族移民和当地少数民族,中原文化和边疆文化有了全方位的融合,夷汉之间关系从“变服从俗”到“以夏化夷”,经济形态也从领主制发展到地主制。

Before the Ming Dynasty,the central government mainly implemented the system of Jimi or Tusi in Yaoan district.After the Ming government settled Yaoan,the county system was implemented,and the Yaoan government was set up to replace the native officers.The original Gao’s chief became Tongzhi,and officials of Zhifu were appointed by the migrant ones.Yaoan Housekeeping was also established,and controlled together with Yaoanfu.From the beginning of the 15 years of Hongwu(Year 15)to the end of Wanli,Yaoan was basically governed by the migrant officials,and the local officials only played an auxiliary role.During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty,the history of Yaoanfu’s Tutongzhi was brought to an end through the further localized conversion.On the basis of changing native officers,the local government adopted political,economic and cultural policies similar to those in the Central Plains,which deeply affected Yaoan’s social and economic development.Since then,Han immigrants and local ethnics,cultures of the Central Plains and frontier cultures have had all-round integration,the relationship between Yi and Han has changed from“vulgar”to“Huayi”,and the economic forms have also developed from the system of lords to that of landlords.