“特殊”到“全纳”:英国特殊教育百年发展述评

"Special"to"Inclusive":A Review on the Centennial Development of Special Education in Britain

从1870年颁布《初等教育法》算起,英国特殊教育一百多年的发展历程可分为惩罚性慈善、强制性隔离、规范化治理、全纳教育四个阶段。审视英国特殊教育的百年发展历程,发现其在取得诸多成就的同时,也面临着种族歧视、特殊儿童污名化、特殊教育功利化等问题与挑战。总结英国特殊教育的百年发展经验,发现教育理念与制度的不断完善、特殊教育组织的积极探索和社会民众的广泛参与是其成功的关键。

Since the enactment of the Elementary Education Act in 1870,the development of British special education in the past century can be divided into four stages:"Punitive Charity:bottom-up action(1597-1870)","Compulsory segregation:the establishment of special education system(1870-1920)","Standardized Governance:the screening and classification of disabled children(1920-1970)",and"Inclusive Education:the historical turn of special education in Britain(1970-now)".Reviewing the centennial development of British special education,while it has made many achievements,it also faces many problems and challenges such as stigmatization of special children,racial discrimination and utilitarianism of special education.Summarizing the centennial development of special education in Britain,the continuous improvement of the education concept and system,the active exploration of special education organizations,and the wide participation of the public are the keys to its success.