强扶持与小微扶持:民办公助学校两种政策实践模式及反思

Strong Support and Micro Support:Two Practice Models and Reflections on the Policy of the Schools Run by Civilians and Subsidized by the Public

从中部两县民办公助学校政策实践中提炼出"强扶持"与"小微扶持"两种模式。"强扶持"模式下,政策动力是促进多元教育、经济和城镇化发展,县政府通过大力的师资、生源、土地等帮扶机制扶持民办学校,义务教育服务供给形成"政府相对主导,市场重要补充"的样态,但由此产生校际不公平竞争、城乡教育资源配置失衡、义务教育公平性受到挑战的风险;"小微扶持"模式下,政策动力是满足有限需求,政府通过有限师资、政策帮扶机制支持民办学校,义务教育服务供给形成"政府绝对主导,市场边缘补充"的样态,县域教育系统较为稳定。从义务教育供给中政府基础性作用和教育起点公平出发,政府应明确民办教育的补充定位,注意政策行为的合法性和潜藏公平风险,不能过度干预市场。

Based on analysis of the policy practices of the schools run by civilians and subsidized by the public in two counties,this study summarizes two models of policy practice:"strong support"and"micro support".In the"strong support"model,the policy impetus works to promote the development of multiple education,economy,and urbanization.Vigorous governmental support for private schools covers assistance in various aspects including teachers,students,land,and taxation.This may lead to a relationship that features"a dominant market and a complementary government"in the provision of services for compulsory education,bringing risks of unfair competition,unequal allocation of urban and rural education resources,and challenges to the fairness of compulsory education.In the"micro-support"model,however,policy motivation serves to meet limited demands.Cautious governmental support for private schools focuses on needed assistance in aspects of teachers,students,and land,thus resulting in a relationship that features"a dominant government and a complementary market"in the provision of services for compulsory education,and possibly a stable educational system.Concerning the basic responsibility of the government and the equality in the starting point of education,the government is expected to clearly define the supplementary positioning of private education,pay attention to the legitimacy of policy actions and hidden fairness risks,and to avoid excessive interference with the market.