从运漕到停漕:“保漕”视域下明清卫河地位的变迁

From Grain Transportation toWater Supply:The Status Shift of theWeihe River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the Historical Perspective of“Baocao”

明清时期,漕运为“国之大计”,关系着王朝的经济命脉,在国家政治生活中的地位举足轻重。漕运的安全仰仗于运河的畅通和稳定充足的水源补给,故作为临清以下河段主要水源补给的卫河,因其在临清与运河交汇,在国家漕运系统中的地位更与国家漕运政策直接相关。综合而言,在“保漕”背景下,卫河经历了从明初直接承担漕运到大运河淤阻时的备选通道,再到清中前期运河的重要水源补给和运送河南漕粮水路的多次转变,这从不同侧面凸显了卫河在保障漕运安全与畅通方面无可替代的地位。清道光五年后,漕粮海运与改折等政策发生重大改变,内河漕运逐渐停止,卫河在漕运中的地位因之而下降,充分反映出卫河地位变迁与漕运政策的关联性。

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,grain transportation was a significant economic lifeline and an important part of the political life of the state.The smooth transportation of grain depended on the safety of the canal as well as a stable and abundant supply of water to the inland waterway.As a major source of water for the Grand Canal,the Weihe River was connected with it at the junction of Linqing,and its status in the national transportation system was directly affected by the policies of grain transportation.From the historical perspective of“Baocao”,the status of the Weihe River experienced several shifts,from the alternative waterway of grain transportation when the Grand Canal was inoperative at the beginning of Ming Dynasty,to an important source of water for the Grand Canal and finally as the route for grain transportation for Henan in the early and middle period of the Qing Dynasty.Furthermore,the Weihe River had an unsubstitutable status in ensuring the safe and secure flow of grain transportation.In the Qing Dynasty,after the fifth year of Daoguang Emperor’s reign,the status of the Weihe River as a means of grain transportation declined when new policies concerning the method of grain transportation by sea and grain taxation practices were introduced.As the inland waterway transportation of grain gradually came to an end,the status of the Weihe River declined.As such,its status shifts were related to grain transportation policies.