清代满语文在达斡尔社会的传播进程探析

Study on the Dissemination of the Manchu Language and Script among the Daur People during the Qing Dynasty

早在与后金(清)政权建立贡市关系之初,达斡尔氏族显贵即开始学说满语。康熙初布特哈打牲部落组建,通晓满语文成了达斡尔官员群体的必备技能。康熙中叶,在清廷满化政策推动下,满语文在黑龙江驻防八旗达斡尔军户中率先普及。受布特哈归隶黑龙江将军,继而被改组为呼伦贝尔、布特哈八旗影响,乾隆中叶满语普及到整个达斡尔族。晚清满语文在全国式微,但在达斡尔社会却依旧盛行。

As early as the establishment of the tributary relationship toward the Later Jin Dynasty(Qing),clan chieftains of the Daur people began to learn the Manchu language.By the beginning of Kangxi era,as a result of the formation of the Butha hunting tribe,knowledge of the Manchu language and script became a basic skill for Daur officials.In the middle of the Kangxi reign,promoted by the policy of Manjurification,Manchu language and script were popularized in military families of Daur which belonged to the Heilongjiang Eight banner garrisons.Influenced by the Butha hunting tribe,was put under the jurisdiction of the military governor of Heilongjiang,and then recombined as Eight banner garrisons of Hulun buir and Butha,the Manchu language spread throughout the Daur people by the middle of the Qianlong reign.By the late Qing,Manchu language and script were declining throughout China,but the language remained in vogue among the Daur people.