清代献俘受俘礼初探

A Preliminary Discussion of the Offering and Receiving Captive Ritual in the Qing Dynasty

献俘礼制乃古代军礼的重要组成部分,指的是军队凯旋后将所获敌酋或首级进献庙、社及皇帝的礼仪活动。清朝前中期武功赫赫,圣祖、世宗、高宗三帝继承历代之制,将其不断得到发展完善,载入《会典》,并数度举行。道光八年,平定张格尔之乱,宣宗举行了有清-代最后一次献俘受俘礼,在档案中亦多有记载。献俘受俘礼,具有宣扬国威、震慑外藩的作用,既体现了清廷继承中华传统礼制,彰显王朝正统的政治意图,又见证了诸帝践行大一统事业的辉煌与艰辛。

The offering captive ritual was an important part of the traditional military rituals,which referred to a ceremonial activity of presenting captives or their heads to the Imperial Ancestral Temple,Altar of Land and Grain or to the emperor,after an army triumph.In the early and middle period of the Qing Dynasty,the imperial government achieved great military accomplishments,the Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors inherited the traditional system and continuously improved the offering captive ritual.They added this system into the Huidian and held the ritual many times.In 1828,after the suppression of the Jihangir rebellion,the Emperor Daoguang held the offering and receiving captive ritual for the last time in the Qing Dynasty.The offering and receiving captive ritual,which had the function of publicizing national prestige and deterring vassal states.It not only embodied the inheritance of the traditional Chinese ritual system by the Qing Dynasty and the political implication of the dynasty’s legitimacy,but also witnessed the brilliance and hardship of the emperors in practicing the cause of the great unification to the border ethnic groups.