制度定型与思想张力:嘉道时期对“壅蔽”问题的讨论

Institutional Establishment and Ideological Tension:A Discussion of“Obstruction”in the Jiaqing and Daoguang Reigns

从制度的发展过程而非静态的视角来看,嘉道时期是清代言路制度的定型时期。文书从题本到奏折,中枢从内阁到军机处的重大转变,决定了言路在政治体制中的边缘化地位。士林由此切入批评"壅蔽"问题和言路制度,坚持言路在政治体制中的结构性功能,君主则将言路问题归罪于士大夫的私心私利。制度与制度思想共成一体,从清代言路的制度思想来看,"前代法意"与"本朝法意"之间又存在张力,相反相成,形塑了清朝的言路制度体系。

From the perspective of institutional development process rather than static,the Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns was the period when the system of communication channels was finalized.The great changes of the information system from the title book to the memorial,and the center from the cabinet to the Grand Council determined the marginal position of the communication channels in the political system.From this point of view,the intelligentsia criticized the problem of"obstruction"and the system of communication channels,insisting on the structural function of communication channels in the political system,while the emperor blamed the problem on the private interests of the bureaucrats.The system and its ideology were integrated together.From the perspective of the ideology,there was tension and contradiction between the"former generation’s legal meaning"and"this dynasty’s legal meaning",forming the characteristics of the communication channels.