乡村建筑营造:认同的建构

Rural Architecture Tectonics: Construction of Identity

乡村建筑典型的地域性和多样性,与乡村的身份和地方认同有着紧密的关系。在建筑营造的过程中,往往交织着以精英为代表的权力意志、先锋理念与以草根为代表的自发、匿名行为。深受地域主义、现代-后现代主义、批判地域主义影响的建筑领域,对乡村认同的建构有着或直接或间接的影响,梳理和实证这一脉络,对乡村文化地理有着积极的研究意义。研究认为,地域主义盛行时期,乡村建筑深受自然地理环境的影响,但政治与主流文化的建构仍存在,建筑营造回应为民族性的认同;现代-后现代主义混杂影响时期,村民与城市进入乡村的居民,以追求现代性和个性拼贴的方式建构碎片化的认同;批判地域主义时期,建筑师与村民则以精英设计、公众参与的方式,在建筑营造和协商中重构彼此认可的乡村新认同。

The typical regionalism and diversity of rural architecture are closely related to rural identity and place identity. From the pre-modern era to modern society, with the economic development, institutional change, population mobility, gentrification, and consumerization of space in rural areas, both rural architecture and rural identity have been experiencing the reproduction and reconstruction. In the process of construction of rural architecture, the power will and vanward idea represented by elites usually interweave with the spontaneous and anonymous behavior conducted by people at the grass-root level. The architectural field which deeply influences by regionalism, modernism-postmodernism, and critical regionalism directly or indirectly influences the construction of rural identity. It has positive significance to rural cultural geography to hackle and demonstrates this context. Through literature review and the qualitative research methods such as non-participating observation and in-depth interviews, this paper analyzes the construction of identity in different development periods of rural architecture. The findings show that under the framework of multi-cultural identity in different historical periods, the tectonics of rural architecture shows the constructive functions of political power, life practice, modernization, innovation experiment and so forth. When regionalism was prevailing, rural architecture which is deeply influenced by the natural geographical environment shows a clear regional difference, but the construction of politics and mainstream culture such as the etiquette system still exist, the tectonics of architecture reflected national identity. In the time that modernism and postmodernism have a mixed influence on rural architecture, the villagers and the inhabitants who move from city to rural area construct fragmented identity by pursuing a modernistic and personalized architecture form. In the practice of critical regionalism architecture, the architects and villagers reconstruct the new rural identity that they accept each other by negotiating the form and function of rural architecture. It can be found that rural cultural identity is ever-changing and constantly mixing, there is no binary analytical framework between tradition and modernity. In this complex process, the construction of rural architecture gradually transferred from the stage dominated by identity, the inheritance of local tradition and common understanding of man-land relationship to the stage dominated by modernity, and continued to the stage in which modernities and traditions co-shaping a new placeness.