关于劳动问题的政治哲学透视——重读马克思《哥达纲领批判》

An Interpretation of Labor from the Perspective of Political Philosophy:Rereading Marx’s Critique of the Gotha Programme

《哥达纲领批判》是一部以劳动问题为主线、聚焦劳动解放的政治哲学著作。人的劳动力本身也是一种自然力,不能把劳动说成“超自然的创造力”,人为夸大劳动的作用,也不能离开现实社会空谈劳动创造财富,应从生产关系、社会关系上思考劳动解放的问题。劳动所得按照平等权利进行公平分配,这种主张的问题在于它否定了阶级存在的客观现实,否定了人的个性和能力的差别,没有深入到生产关系、经济关系中,因而没有抓住现代平等、公平问题的根本。按需分配不是可以马上采取的行动,而是自然生成的历史结果,不能忽略作为其前提的“各尽所能”的深意。用法律保障公民的权利,逐渐消除建立在阶级基础上的政治上和社会上的不平等,让每个人的自由和个性、天赋和能力都能够得到充分发挥,才是值得追求的公平正义社会目标。

Critique of the Gotha Programme is a political philosophy work taking labor as principle line and focusing on labor liberation.Human labor is also a natural force,which can neither be described as supernatural creative force to artificially exaggerate it’s role,nor discuss literally about it creating wealth apart from the real society.We should consider the issue of labor liberation from the perspective of production relations and social relations.The assertion of fair distribution of labors’income according to equal rights lies in the fact that it denies the objective reality of class existence,negates the differences in human personality and abilities,so it does not penetrate deeply into production relations and economic relations,and thus fails to grasp the root of modern equality and justice.Distribution according to one's needs,not ignoring the deep meaning of“from each according to his ability”as the premise of it,is not an action which can be taken immediately,but a naturally-occurring historical result.Ensuring citizens’legal rights,gradually eliminating political and social inequality based on class,and allowing everyone’s freedom,individuality,talents,and abilities to be fully exerted,is a fair and just social goal which is worth pursuing.