哲学境域中的“启蒙之思”:从康德、福柯到哈贝马斯

“Thought on Enlightenment”in Virtue of the Philosophical Context:From Kant,Foucault to Habermas

康德、福柯与哈贝马斯所分别开显的主体性、反主体性与主体间性的启蒙之思,充盈了启蒙话语逻辑生成的哲学语境。康德将启蒙先驱所聚焦的科学启蒙、情感启蒙与政治启蒙交融汇集于以理性批判为旨趣的哲学建构之中,意在围绕理性运用这一轴心来实现启蒙话语的主体性奠基。福柯认同康德在启蒙与批判之间所设立的思想勾连,却基于自身的哲学立场、方法与目标置换了康德的主体性谋划,以消解启蒙话语的基础主义与普遍主义意味,宣判永恒真理、人类解放理想的破产以及人作为主体之神话的破灭。哈贝马斯的启蒙叙事既不同于康德的主体性独白,又有别于福柯的反主体性颠倒,也殊异于霍克海默、阿多诺的激进的理性批判。通过对启蒙坐标的主体间性重置,哈贝马斯旨在消除普遍主义的迷误,克服后现代主义的消极,走出悲观主义的泥淖,从而坚守作为未竟之志的启蒙的积极遗产,走出政治沮丧、道德虚无的现实窘境。

The enlightenment thoughts of subjectivity,anti-subjectivity and inter-subjectivity that Kant,Foucault and Habermas respectively developed,which filled the philosophical context generated by the logic of enlightenment discourse.Kant brings together the scientific enlightenment,emotional enlightenment and political enlightenment focused by the pioneers of enlightenment into the philosophical construction with the purpose of rational criticism.It is intended to use rational utility to lay the foundation for the subjectivity of enlightenment discourse.Foucault agrees with Kant’s ideological connection between enlightenment and criticism,but he replaces Kant’s subjective plan based on his own philosophical position,methods and objectives,in order to dispel the fundamentalism and universalism of the enlightenment discourse,which proclaim eternal truth bankruptcy of human liberation ideals,and the destruction of the myth that man is the subject.Habermas’enlightenment narrative is not only different from Kant’s subjective monologue,but also different from Foucault’s anti-subjective reversal,and is also different from the radical rational critique of Horkheimer and Adorno.By resetting the inter-subjectivity of the enlightenment coordinates,Habermas aims to eliminate the erroneousness of universalism,overcome the negativity of relativism,walk out of the mud of pessimism,and thus stick to the positive legacy of enlightenment as an unfinished aspiration,and step out of the real dilemma of political frustration and moral nothingness.