成为养生主体的困难——论嵇康养生论中“自然”的两个悖论

The Difficulty of Forming a Subject of Life Nourishing--On Two Paradoxes of Ji Kang's Concept of"Nature"(ziran)

目前学界对嵇康思想的研究普遍将其定位为"越名教而任自然"这一派别的代表。然而嵇康精妙的养生论与其个人养生失败的结果彰显出"越名教而任自然"蕴含着更加复杂的思想脉络。在嵇康思想中,"自然"概念存在着两个悖论:自然义直(品性)与养生对身体保存之间的悖论;自然任情与养生对情的控制之间的悖论。这两个悖论背后隐含的是嵇康作为文人养生的典范必须面对的社会政治问题,嵇康选择道家自然逍遥的形象展现于社会中以反对名教。政治社会的介入让嵇康的养生必须涉及自然义直与逍遥形象这些本质上与养生偏离的东西,可"自然"这个概念又恰恰涵盖了自然义直与飘逸逍遥这两种形象,这显然让作为养生主体的嵇康无所适从,并导致其养生的失败。

The current research of Ji Kang's thought generally believes that Ji Kang represents the group of"surpassing Confucian ethics and conforming back to nature".However,the contraction between Ji Kang's exquisite theory of Life Maintenance and his failure to achieve it shows that"surpassing Confucian ethics and conforming back to nature"contains more complicated thought skeleton.There are two paradoxes in Ji Kang's concept of"nature"(ziran),namely,the paradox between natural upright(moral character)and the natural requirement of Life Maintenance to preserve the body;and the paradox between self-indulgence(renqing)and requirement of Life Maintenance to control emotional feelings.The question that behinds the two paradoxes is that Ji Kang as intellectual practicing life maintenance has to confront the political society.In order to solve that question,Ji Kang chooses to follow the Taoist"nature"to present himself in society to against Confucian ethics.Nevertheless,the intervention of political society forces Ji Kang to handle natural upright and peripatetic image which deviate from Life Maintenance.However,the concept of"nature"includes natural upright and free elegance as well,which leads Ji Kang's fail in life nourishing.