先秦道家虚、静思想及其演变

The Thought of“Xu”and“Jing”of Taoism in Pre-Qin Dynasty and Its Evolution

作为道家思想的一对核心范畴,虚与静内涵相通,义相互摄。它们既贯通着道体与发用、境界与工夫,也和道家思想的其他重要范畴如自然、无为、柔弱等内涵相通,彼此间存在着互为诠释的关系。从老子、庄子到黄老道家,虚、静的意蕴及其在工夫论和政治哲学上的表现经历了深刻的思想演变。其中,由早期的工夫境界论范畴转而成为一种人君的御臣之术,是虚、静内涵发生的一次重要变化。这种转变不仅反映了先秦道家的流派分化之状,也展现了晚周之际的治术之变。

As a pair of core categories of Taoism,the connotations of“Xu”and“Jing”are interrelated and mutually influenced.They are not only connected with Tao,but also with other important categories of Taoism,such as“self-so”“behave without unnatural action”and“gentle”.From Laozi,Zhuangzi to the Huang-Lao Taoism,the implication of“Xu”and“Jing”and their expression in the theory of cultivation and political philosophy have experienced profound ideological evolution.Among them,it is an important change in the connotation of“Xu”and“Jing”that the early theory of cultivating and realm is changed to the skill of being a king’s Royal minister.This change not only reflected the differentiation of Taoist schools in the pre-Qin period,but also showed the change of governance in the late Zhou Dynasty.