“宗派”分野与“专业分工”——关于隋唐佛教成立宗派问题的思考

“Sectarian” Division and “Professional Division”--On the Establishment of Buddhist Sects in Sui and Tang Dynasties

汤用彤并非是要放弃佛教宗派概念,而是要从类型学的角度细化对于隋唐佛教宗派的认识。隋唐佛教界的宗派认同并不是学术界强加的,而是有客观事实作为依据的。入唐求法的日本僧人的描述,是第一手资料。这些资料表明,当时的僧人是有宗派归属的。唐代的佛教宗派实际上是"学派"基础上的"专业"分工强化的必然结果。如同今日的大学之学科分类,一个人可以兼学,也可以改专业,但一般不会有三四个以上的转换机会。而且,在强化师承和分工的大背景下,宗派性的固化是一个僧人成熟的标志,也是取得弘法成功的必要条件。隋代之后的僧人,学有所长、修有专攻,是标准的配置。缺少这一标志,绝对难以取得成就。"解构"百年来学术界形成的宗派佛教之叙述范式的效果,缺乏明显的建设性,因而是笔者所不赞成的。

Tang Yongtong does not want to give up the concept of Buddhist sects,but to refine his understanding of the Sui and Tang Buddhist sects from the perspective of typology. In fact,the Buddhist sects in the Tang Dynasty are the inevitable result of the strengthening of the division of "profession"on the basis of"school". Moreover,under the background of strengthening the succession of teachings from a master to his disciples and division,the solidification of sectarian nature is a sign of monk’s maturity,and also a necessary condition for the success of Dharma propagation. After the Sui Dynasty,monks have their own advantages in learning and specialized in cultivation,which is the standard configuration. "Deconstruction"of the narrative paradigm of sectarian Buddhism formed in the academic circle in the past hundred years is not obviously constructive,so it is not approved by the author.