紫禁城古建筑屋顶宝匣文化研究

RESEARCH ON CULTURE OF COSTFUL BOX IN ROOF OF BUILDINGS IN THE FORBIDDEN CITY

紫禁城古建筑屋顶施工快要完成时,施工人员会在正脊的正中埋设宝匣,宝匣内放置镇物,并举行隆重的"合龙"仪式。为更好地保护古建筑,基于工程实例与史料文献相结合的方法,对紫禁城古建筑宝匣、镇物及"合龙"仪式的文化内涵进行分析。结果表明:宝匣作为安放镇物的盒子,其材质和尺寸因建筑而各异;宝匣安放在正脊正中的位置与古代"天人合一""王者居中"的思想密切相关;宝匣内镇物内容为祈福辟邪的物品,数量多为五,其主要原因在于数字"五"代表古人的宇宙空间观念;宝匣的合龙仪式为古代祭祀礼仪的一种,未婚男工是"合龙"的主要执行者,其主要原因与古代"神灵教化""阳气驱邪"等观念密切相关。

In the Forbidden City,the last process of roof construction of an ancient building is that a ceremony named"Helong"is held.In the ceremony,a worker buries a costful box in the middle of the ridge.The box is filled with"Zhenwu",which means goods for exorcism or blessing.To effectively protect Chinese ancient buildings,the costful box,Zhenwu and ceremony of Helong are studied based on engineering practice and historical literature.Results show that material and size of costful box are different for different buildings;the middle of ridge location relates closely to Chinese ancient ideologies of"harmony between nature and human being"and"middle location for winner";the number of each kind of Zhenwu is usually five,reflecting that"five"meant large amount for ancient Chinese people;the Helong ceremony belongs to Chinese ancient sacrifice culture,the selection of unmarried male worker relates closely to Chinese ancient ideologies such as"education under god","expelling evil by Yangqi"and so on.