“在家学习”面临的挑战及其应对——来自约翰·霍特“在家教育”思想的启示

The Current Challenges of “Learning at Home” and the Solutions:The Inspirations from John Holt’s Thought of “Homeschooling”

当前,在“停课不停学”的背景下,“在家学习”已然成为一种主流的学习方式。然而,这一学习方式也面临着诸多挑战:倡导自主学习还是照搬课堂教学模式,课程与现实生活相结合还是只学习规定的课程内容,延时指导还是即时指导,自我评价还是横向评价。约翰·霍特是美国提出并实践“在家教育”思想的先驱之一,他从批判学校教育的弊端切入,逐步构建起了一个较为完善的“在家教育”思想体系。其中,培养自我教育者的教育目的、生活化课程的教育内容、经过邀请指导的教育方法、自我反思性的教育评价是其基本旨趣。针对“在家学习”面临的挑战,在借鉴约翰·霍特“在家教育”思想的基础上,“在家学习”的开展需要关注以下四个方面:重视儿童自主学习和自我教育,重视儿童的生活经验,重视儿童亲身参与和需要及指导时效,重视儿童个体差异及自我反思和评价。

At present,“learning at home”has become a mainstream learning method in the context of current non-stop learning with suspended classes.However,this way of learning is also faced with many challenges,mainly manifested in advocating independent learning or copying classroom teaching mode,combining courses with real life or only learning prescribed course content,delayed guidance or immediate guidance,self-evaluation or horizontal evaluation.John Holt is one of the pioneers who proposed and practiced the idea of“homeschooling”in the United States.He started from criticizing the shortcomings of school education and gradually constructed a relatively complete ideological system of“homeschooling”.Among them,the educational purpose of cultivating self-educators,the educational content of life oriented curriculum,the educational methods guided by invitation,and the self-reflective educational evaluation are the basic purposes.In view of the challenges faced by“learning at home”,on the basis of learning from John Holt’s“homeschooling”,the development of“learning at home”needs to pay attention to four aspects.Suggestions on“guiding ideology”:attach importance to children’s independent learning and self-education;on“what to learn”:value children’s life experience;on“how to learn”:put emphasis on children’s personal involvement,needs and guiding effectiveness;on“evaluation”:attach importance to children’s individual differences and self-reflection and evaluation.