条件适配促进有效教学--科丁格“知识-学习-教学”(KLI)框架及其应用建议

Conditions Fitted to Promote the Effectiveness of Instruction:a Review of Koedinger’s Knowledge-Learning-Instruction(KLI)Framework and Its Application Recommendations

"知识-学习-教学"(KLI)框架旨在联系课堂实践与学习理论,使教学要素间保持一致。框架由知识成分、学习事件、教学与评估事件三个相互联系的分类要素组成,其中知识成分按应用条件及其回应、条件与回应间的联系和是否有原理三个维度,可分为复杂性递增的七个层级;学习过程由简单到复杂可分为记忆与熟练、归纳与优化、理解与意义建构三个过程,分别对应间隔测试和优化安排,及时反馈、聚焦要义和工作样例,自我解释和有责对话八个教学原则。框架基于不对称假设,进一步解释了教学与学习过程,提出的三个分类学有助于优化教学目标,提高教学原则的有效性和教学条件的适配性,并为改进教学研究提供一种中观视角。未来可应用KLI框架编写结构化的教学目标,设计与目标相匹配的教学任务,与技术相结合促进个性化评估,并选择最能促进学习的教学策略和教学顺序。

The Knowledge-Learning-Instruction(KLI)Framework was aimed at connecting classroom practices with existing learning theories to ensure consistency among the instructional elements.There were three related elements comprised in this framework,that is,knowledge components,learning events,and instructional and assessment events.According to the application conditions and its response,the relationship between the conditions and response,and whether with rationales or not,knowledge components could be defined within seven categories in which complexity increased by degrees.Similarly,learning processes could also be defined,from the simplest to the most complex,within three categories named memory and fluency-building,induction and refinement,and understanding and sense-making processes,which were separately matched with three kinds of instructional principles of spacing and testing and optimized scheduling,timely feedback,feature focusing and worked examples,and prompted self-explanation and accountable talk.Based on the asymmetry hypothesis,the framework explains the processes of teaching and learning,presenting three taxonomies to refine instructional objectives,enhance the effectiveness of instructional principles and the fitment among instructional conditions,and provide an intermediate view of the improvement of instructional research.As for teachers,the KLI framework could be used to structurally write teaching goals,design instructional tasks matching with the goals,develop personalized assessment with the use of technology,and choose the best instructional strategies and priorities to promote learning.