Be动词与Have动词的深层语义统一

The Deep-structure Semantic Unity of Be and Have Verbs

自然语言往往用同一个be型动词来表存在、处所和拥有3种语义,或者说3者之间存在一种密切的内在关联,自1960年代以来一直被视为一种普遍规律。然而,目前西欧主要语言中表拥有却主要使用have型动词,似乎与存在、处所、拥有内在关联的命题相矛盾,对之构成严重挑战,而对动词"有"的类型学分析则表明,汉语中并不存在这种矛盾。对汉语动词"有"作一个类型学考察,可以为存在、处所、拥有语义内在关联的命题提供有力的支持,加深学界对be型与have型拥有动词深层统一性的类型学认知。

Natural languages often use one ‘be’ verb to convey the apparently separate semantic meanings of existence, location and possession, and there is close interconnectedness among them. This has been seen as a language universal ever since the 1960 s. However, major West European languages mainly use ‘have’ verbs to convey the meaning of possession, which seems to present a serious challenge to the language universal. A typological analysis of the Chinese verb ‘you’(have) reveals that Chinese does not have such a problem. Such a study of Chinese ‘you’ can not only provide a potent support for the hypothesis that the semantic meanings of existence, location and possession are closely interconnected,but deepen our typological understanding of the deep-structure semantic unity of be and have verbs in human languages.