“一战”协约国宣传中的敌人形象探析

Case Analysis on the Enemy Image by the Allies during the First World War

第一次世界大战(以下简称"一战")爆发后,同盟国和协约国迅速结盟。德国军队以"容克"军国主义传统闻名,"一战"开始前的数十年中,由德意志帝国宰相俾斯麦开启的对周边国家的征战和吞并使协约国望而生畏。德国军人的视觉形象在"一战"协约国宣传中随处可见,德国军队被描绘成凶猛、强大但不得不面对的邪恶力量,战争宣传机构采用"匈奴""类人猿""野人""冷血无情的杀手""性暴力的实施者"等词语构建德国军人的形象,并辅以大量未经证实的传闻以暗示德国的战争罪行。协约国官方和隐蔽战线的宣传机构将此类视觉形象在公共空间内反复、密集地传播,进一步唤醒和加强了协约国与德国军人之间"非黑即白"的二元敌对关系。本文旨在将宣传研究理论融入到"一战"协约国宣传中以"敌人形象"为主题的图像案例,并从多维度加以演绎和归纳。

After the outbreak of the First World War,two stark political and military alliances were quickly formed.The visual image of German soldiers was a ubiquitous propaganda theme throughout the course of the Great War.Following decades of defeats and annexation of neighboring states,German soldiers had a deep militarism tradition.They were portrayed by the Allies through a series of stereotypes focusing on them as a fierce and powerful evil force,cold-blooded ruthless killers and perpetrators of sexual violence,etc.This portrayal was coupled with unconfirmed rumors indicating German war crimes.Such propaganda images were propagated into the public sphere repeatedly and intensively by both official and covert propaganda apparatus,which aroused and intensified a hostile sentiment in black and white terms.This paper aims to integrate propaganda theory into the enemy image case study of the Allies during the First World War.