国际投资仲裁中非法征收的救济标准

Remedy Standard for Unlawful Expropriation in International Investment Arbitration

国际投资法中,东道国政府针对外国投资采取的征收行为受到严格限制,仅在符合合法性要件的前提下才能进行征收。对于非法征收,较长一段时间里其非法性并未被识别,在投资仲裁实践中,仲裁庭往往并不区分合法征收与非法征收,在涉及征收的案件中直接采用国际投资协定中规定的补偿标准。自2006年的ADC v.Hungary案开始,国际投资仲裁实践逐渐开始明确区分合法征收与非法征收,在涉及非法征收的投资仲裁案件中适用霍茹夫工厂案所确立的"完全赔偿"救济标准以消除所有损害结果。所谓的"完全赔偿"原则此后逐渐成为习惯国际法下针对国际不法行为的救济标准,并在联合国国际法委员会(ILC)所起草的《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》中得以成文化。具体而言,对于非法征收行为而言,恢复原状应当是首选救济方式。但并非对被征收的有形资产进行物理上的恢复原状才构成救济,相当于恢复原状所对应数额的补偿金也能够达到同样的救济效果。具体而言,外国投资者有权向东道国政府主张的救济范围包括:(1)基于系争投资于征收日或裁决日的公平市场价值中较高者计算的补偿以及(2)前述补偿未能涵盖损失之损害赔偿,具体包括可得利益损失以及额外支出等。因此,最终裁定的救济数额应当包括(1)以及(2)两项的总和,另外会根据仲裁规则裁决东道国支付相应的利息及仲裁程序相关的费用,以使投资者所处状态与假设其投资未被征收所应有之状态等同。

Under international investment law,host state’s expropriation upon foreign investors’investment is in principle forbidden by investment treaties,only if specific legality requirements have been fulfilled.For illegal expropriation,the nature of its illegality were not recognized by most arbitral tribunals for a long time.Arbitral tribunals often do not distinguish between legal expropriation and illegal expropriation.In most cases involving expropriation,full compensation standard defined in investment treaties is applied as the only standard directly.Since ADC v.Hungary in 2006,legal and illegal expropriation have been gradually distinguished in international investment arbitration,and"full reparation"standard established in Chorzów case have been widely applied in cases involving illegal expropriation.This standard was codified in Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts by the United Nations International Law Commission(ILC).For illegal expropriation,restitution in kind shall be the preferred remedy.However,restitution in kind is not the only remedy method.Compensation equivalent to the amount corresponding to restitution in kind can achieve almost the same relief effect as well.Specifically,remedies that foreign investors are entitled to claim from the government of host state include:(1)compensation measured as the higher of the market value on the date of the expropriation or the award,and(2)damages for losses not covered by restitution in kind or its monetary equivalent,including loss of profits and incidental expenses.Therefore,the final remedies in the award include the sum of(1)and(2),and the government of host state shall pay corresponding interest and arbitration costs in accordance with arbitration rules,so that investors are placed in the same position which they would have been in but for the expropriation of their investment.