民间高利贷司法犯罪化之再省思

Reflection on the Judicial Criminalization of the Private Usury

民间高利贷因游走在民事自治与刑事不法之间而备受争议,审判实务的处理标准也模糊不清,一度在罪与非罪间辗转。近日,两高两部《关于办理非法放贷刑事案件若干问题的意见》将其纳入非法经营罪的涵摄范围,解决了同案不同判的难题。但在现行刑事语境下,以该罪规制民间高利贷于实质、形式以及刑事政策维度均值得商榷:其一,衍生犯罪的危害性不是该罪的入罪根据;其二,民间高利贷行为难以契合非法经营罪中的空白罪状与堵截条款;其三,未对刑事政策与刑法的融通作出具体规则与合宪性上的控制。故在立法存空白之际,适用此罪有司法犯罪化之嫌疑。为贯彻罪刑法定原则,应以《意见》为参考,创设“职业高利放贷罪”,并对其处罚边界进行规范限缩。

Private usury is controversial between civil autonomy and crime,and the standard of handing the issue in practice is ambiguous.once tossed between sin and non-sin.Recently,“the opinions on some problems in handling criminal cases of the illegal usury”includes it in the scope of illegal business crime,solving the difficult problem of opposite judgments in the similar cases.However,in the current system of law,it is worth doubting that the accusation is used to regulate the illegal private usury in three dimensions.Firstly,the harmfulness of derivative crime is not the basis of the punishment.Secondly,it is difficult to fit the blank elements and blocking clause in illegal business crime.Thirdly,it fails to make specific rules and constitutional control on the integration of criminal policy and criminal law.Therefore,in the absence of legislation,the application of this crime has the suspicion of judicial criminalization.In order to carry out the principle of legality,we should take the“opinions”as a reference to create“the crime of professional usury”.