东方禅思的西方回响——禅宗美学与美国战后艺术家的艺术认知

The Western Response to Eastern Zenism

二战之后,禅宗美学渗透至美国艺术领域并产生非凡影响,这种影响在约翰·凯奇、艾德·莱因哈特、马克·托比三位艺术家的创作中尤为明显。约翰·凯奇在禅宗空观的影响之下形成了“空的诗意”的艺术认知,清空了传统的节奏结构,让音乐在“空”的状态下呈现,以无声音乐的形式诠释了对“空”的理解;艾德·莱因哈特受到禅宗空灵境界的启发,将艺术创作视为空灵的空间场域,努力寻求艺术创作与欣赏中类似于冥想的虚空体验;马克·托比则受到禅宗物我同化思想的启发,在创作中通过复杂流动的线条和多重空间感呈现创作主体的心性与情趣,使艺术作品成为创作主体“情感潜流”的表现。正是上述三位艺术家基于禅宗思想所形成的艺术认知对20世纪中叶之后的美国乃至整个西方艺术界产生了重要影响。

After World War II,Zen aesthetics penetrated into the field of American art and exerted remarkable influence,especially in the artistic creation of John Cage,Ed Reinhart and Mark Toby.Under the influence of Zen emptiness view,John Cage formed the artistic cognition of"emptiness poetry",emptied the traditional rhythm structure,made music presented in the state of"emptiness",and interpreted the understanding of"emptiness"in the form of silent music.Inspired by the ethereal realm of Zen Buddhism,Ed Reinhardt regarded artistic creation as an ethereal space field,and strived to seek the ethereal experience similar to meditation in artistic creation and appreciation.Mark Toby,inspired by the assimilation thought of Zen Buddhism,presented the heart and interest of the creative subject through the complex flowing lines and multiple sense of space in his creation,making his art work the expression of the"emotional undercurrent"of the creative subject.It was the artistic cognition formed by the above three artists based on the Zen thought that had exerted important influence on the United States and even the whole western art circle after the middle of the 20th century.