吐蕃崛起与儒家文化

Confucian Culture in the Making of Tibetan Empire

在一系列有关吐蕃赞普的古藏文文献中,chos与gtsug lag意指礼或与礼相关的礼法、礼俗、礼仪、礼制及天道或天地之道。传统儒家思想,尤其以德治为中心的王道思想,曾对吐蕃的政治文化产生过重要影响。这些文献一再强调吐蕃的礼制永不移易,这是赞普王室对其统治合法性的宣言。吐蕃的政治文化既有欧亚内陆文化的传统,又有中原儒家文化的要素。儒家礼仪制度之引入吐蕃,发生在松赞干布统治时期,其目的在于以成文的礼制的形式,规定上下的权利,区别君臣的名分,确定赞普至高无上的统治地位,从而保证赞普王室的长治久安。

Chos and gtsug lag among a number of old Tibetan texts concerning the political ideology of Tibetan empire were used to translate the Confucian concept li礼or proper rite,referring to li as well as those related to li such as rites and regulations(lifa礼法),rites and customs(lisu礼俗),ritual ceremony(liyi礼仪),ritual system(lizhi,礼制),and principle of Heaven(tiandao天道)or principle of Heaven and earth(tiandi zhi dao天地之道).Traditional Confucian ideology,especially the Royal Way(wangdao,王道)based on the principle of governing by right virtue(dezhi德治),was once an important part in the political culture of the Tibetan empire.These texts state again and again that the proper rites of the Tibetan empire would never be changed,which was to justify the rule of the sPu rgyal royal family in Tibet.The paper also points out that the political ideology of the Tibetan empire was a complex combined with the elements both from Central Eurasian culture and the traditional Confucian culture,while the latter was introduced into Tibet during the reign of the king Srong brtsan sgam po(?-649)with a purpose to differentiate the right of the lord and the subject,to establish the supreme status of the monarch,and thus to secure the long safety of the sPu rgyal royal family.