简论奥匈帝国处理民族问题政策的得失

On the Gains and Losses of the National Governance Policy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

奥匈帝国是一个由哈布斯堡王朝统治的多民族帝国,自1867年建立以来,民族问题一直是贯穿奥匈帝国的主线。在十九世纪,民族主义在欧洲达到了顶峰,民族国家纷纷兴起,因此,这也决定了奥匈帝国在应对民族问题上的态度和策略必然是相对复杂的。哈布斯堡王朝试图维持普世帝国的政策,但是在匈牙利危机中不得不向匈牙利进行妥协,以换取匈牙利人的支持以维护帝国的完整统一。可这一妥协并没有让帝国更加团结,反而使匈牙利成为了帝国进一步改革的最大绊脚石,并为奥匈帝国的最终解体埋下了伏笔。作为一个多民族大国,其中晚期的民族政策所暴露出的问题,及奥匈帝国政府在面对这些问题时所做出的改革及对策,对日后中欧的政治和民族关系产生了巨大的影响,并为后世所有多民族国家的民族政策的制定提供了宝贵的经验和教训。

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a multi-ethnic empire that existed in Central Europe from 1867-1918,It was one of the European powers in the second half of the 19th century and the only power that did not engage in a large-scale colonial war.There are 11 ethnic groups and 5 religions in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.The ethnic issue is the most difficult to solve in a series of problems facing the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Under the wave of nationalism in the 19th century,the emprire faced the national movements of the Mazars,slavs,czechs and many cross-border national unification nationalism,such as German nationalism,pan-slavism,Italian reunification movements and Great romania Challenges.The governance policies and methods adopted by the Austro-Hungarian Empire have left valuable experience and profound lessons for the modern multi-ethnic country to deal with domestic ethnic issues.