公司担保中决议形成程序与合同效力认定间牵连关系探析

Research on the Implicated Relationship between the Formation of Resolution and the Validity of Contract in Company Guarantee

我国《公司法》第16条规定的是公司对外担保的决议程序与权力划分,与担保合同效力没有直接关系;《合同法》第50条仅能判断越权代表行为之效果归属,也不能作为合同效力认定的直接依据。担保决议形成程序如何影响担保合同效力在两个法条之间并不明晰。公司担保行为区分为内部的决议行为与对外的担保合同,决议行为属意思形成行为,决议瑕疵与不成立均指向法定代表人越权担保。基于利益平衡之考量,应当承认决议在特定情境下的外部效力,课以第三人形式审查义务,确立相对人善意的客观判断标准。相对人非善意又未达恶意串通致使合同无效情形时,可类推无权代理制度赋予公司追认之权利,同时应强调相对人因非善意不能享有撤销权。

Article 16 of the Company Law stipulates the resolution procedures and division of power in the company’s external guarantee,which has no direct relationship with the validity of the guarantee contract.Article 50 of the Contract Law can be used to only determine the effectiveness attribution of the ultra vires acts,and cannot be used as a direct basis to determine the validity of contract.It is not clearly stipulated in the above two provisions how the formation of guarantee resolution affects the effectiveness of the guarantee contract.The company’s guarantee acts are divided into internal resolution and external guarantee contract.The internal resolution is the formation of company’s intention,and the flaw and non-establishment of resolution lead to the legal representative’s ultra vires guarantee.Based on the consideration of balance of interests,the external effect of company’s resolution shall be recognized in particular circumstances,and formality examination obligations shall be imposed upon the third person to establish an objective judgment standard for bona fide counterpart.Where the counterparty is not in good faith but does not reach malicious collusion,which invalidates the contract,it is suggested to analogize the unauthorized agency system to give the company ratification right,and it shall be emphasized that the counterparty cannot enjoy the right of revocation unless the counterparty is in good faith.