体育伤害的法律责任探讨

On the Liability of Sports Injuries

体育伤害包括对观众的伤害和对运动员的伤害。体育场馆设施的运营者对赛事观众人身伤害的法律责任是有限度的,不用承担赛事的固有风险导致的伤害以及观众自身没有予以通常注意导致伤害的法律责任。运动员的伤害可能是赛事共同参与者导致的,也可能是医疗辅助人员救助或诊疗不当导致的,对于共同参与者,美国法院采取的法律责任认定标准是该行为是否属于"故意或鲁莽行为";对于医疗辅助人员,法院通常采取"合理注意义务"的认定标准,两项标准的具体适用还要取决于法院的个案裁量。共同参赛者造成对手重伤或死亡的案件,极少会被认定为刑事案件而提起公诉,运动员因此而被法院裁定构成犯罪的情况也极其罕见,除非加害人的行为被认定超出比赛规则允许的范围,造成了赛事固有风险之外的不应有的极其严重的人身伤害。

Sports injuries include injuries to spectators and injuries to athletes.The liability of the sports facility operators is limited not to the damage caused by inherent risks of a sporting event and the damage caused by the spectators’own failure to pay ordinary care of themselves.The injuries to athletes may be caused by the coparticipants or the malpractice of the sports medicine care providers.Provided by the case-to-case analysis,the intentional or reckless standard of care has been adopted by the US courts for the liability of co-participants while the standard of reasonable care has been applied to the sports medicine care providers.There is little death or serious injuries cases caused by the conduct of the co-participants has been prosecuted and the athletes seldom has been found guilty for the criminal offence,unless the conduct of the injurer is beyond the permitted scope of the particular playing rules and causes severe personal damage out of the inherent risks of the game.