冷战初期美国对发展中国家的宣传战——以“外国学生领袖计划”为中心的考察

U.S.Propaganda Warfare to the Developing Countries in the Early Cold War--A Critical Study of Foreign Student Leader Project

随着冷战不断向发展中国家扩展,美国政府对外心理战的目标也发生了转变,发展中国家的学生领袖成为美国宣传战决策者决心争取的主要目标之一。为此,美国从艾森豪威尔政府开始就资助"美国全国学生联合会"策划针对发展中国家的宣传战计划,并最终制订了主要针对发展中国家的"外国学生领袖计划",其主要目标是赢得发展中国家学生领袖的心灵和思想,以便在他们的影响下使越来越多的学生对美国产生向心力,并最终影响其所在国家的政治走向。尽管美国政府不惜耗费巨大的资源来实施这一计划,但是该计划并未完全达到美国政府的预期,然而,宣传战的效果往往是隐性的、长期的,美国对发展中国家实施的以意识形态输出和文化灌输为主要内容的"外国学生领袖计划"最终对发展中国家的道路选择产生了不可忽视的影响。

With the Cold War spreading to the developing countries,the U.S.government began to change its aims of the propaganda warfare and the student leaders of the developing countries became one of the principal targets for the U.S.For this purpose,from the Eisenhower Administration on,the U.S.government began to support the US National Student Association to formulate the propaganda warfare plan towards the developing countries,and finally worked out the Foreign Student Project,the principal aim of which is to win the mind and soul of the student leaders in the developing countries and cultivate their inclination to the U.S.democratic system and values,and finally influence the political trend of their own countries.Although the U.S.government spend large amount of money to implement this plan,the plan did not achieve as much result as the U.S.government expected.However,the effect of the psychological warfare is always invisible and lasting,the implementation of foreign Student Leader Project will eventually produce some influence on the selection of the developing road for the developing countries.