数字时代音乐著作权许可困境与对策探析

The Dilemma and Countermeasures of Music Copyright License in the Digital Age

音乐作品独特的表达符号使其必须借助表演和制作录音制品实现作品的传播,由此塑造了音乐著作权客体的双层结构和复杂的权利配置,著作权法通过多种许可机制的创设抑制交易成本。然而,互联网技术的应用使现行著作权许可模式无法适应因产业链条延长和作品使用规模扩大而抬高的许可成本,音乐著作权市场陷入失灵。为破解数字音乐许可难题,美国推出《音乐现代化法案》,以概括许可配合强制许可的发放,但新的许可模式仍未摆脱机械许可的阴影。我国著作权法应在梳理和整合现有权利的基础上,从组织和技术两个层面探索集中许可和集体管理的新路径。

The unique expression symbols of musical works make it necessary to perform the works or make sound recordings to achieve the spread of the works,thus forming the double-layer structure of the music copyright object and complex allocation of the rights.The copyright law has to reduce transaction costs through the compulsory license and blanket license.The Internet,however,makes the current copyright licensing system unable to adapt to the increased licensing costs due to the extension of the industrial chain and the expansion of the use of works,so the music copyright market has fallen into failure.In order to solve this problem,the United States issued the Music Modernization Act,updating the compulsory license with blanket license,but the new license cannot get rid of the shadow of mechanical license.Chinese copyright law should explore the paths for blanket license and collective management on the basis of sorting out and integrating the existing rights.