“苏联的越南”:美国与1979年苏联出兵阿富汗

The Soviet Union’s“Vietnam”:The United States and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979

1979年苏联出兵阿富汗是冷战史上的重大事件,是美苏缓和的转折点,并且由此开始的十年阿富汗战争也成为加速苏联解体、促使冷战结束的一个重大因素。1978年4月,阿富汗爆发政变,亲苏的共产主义政党阿富汗人民民主党上台,美国开始关注苏联与阿富汗新政权的关系。随着阿富汗内部反政府活动的不断升级,苏联对阿富汗的援助和影响也相应扩大,与此同时美国也持续关注着苏联在阿富汗的行动,并针对此制定了隐蔽行动计划。1979年12月苏联出兵阿富汗之前,美国的情报部门对苏联的军事准备、行动目标和入侵阿富汗的直接原因有着准确且全面的分析与判断。然而,自始至终对苏联行动了如指掌的美国高层,并未对苏联即将到来的军事行动表达出任何反对和强硬的反应,而是静待苏联进军阿富汗。苏联出兵阿富汗后,美国立即表达强硬态度,随即卡特主义出台,美苏重回对抗。

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 is a milestone in the Cold War and a turning point of the US-Soviet detente.The ten-year war in Afghanistan since then had also become a major factor to accelerate the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.In April 1978,a coup broke out in Afghanistan,the pro-Soviet communist party,the Afghan People’s Democratic Party came to power,and the United States became concerned about the relationship between the Soviet Union and the new Afghan regime.With the continuous escalation of resistance in Afghanistan,the Soviet Union’s assistance and influence in Afghanistan had also expanded accordingly.At the same time,the United States had continued to pay attention to Soviet actions in Afghanistan and made a covert action plan for them.Prior to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979,US intelligence agencies had an accurate and comprehensive analysis and judgment of the Soviet military preparations,operational targets,and the direct causes of invasion of Afghanistan.However,senior U.S.officials who had been well informed of Soviet operations throughout,did not express any opposition and strong response to the upcoming Soviet military action,but waited for the Soviets to enter Afghanistan.After the Soviet’s invasion,the United States immediately expressed a tough attitude,and then the Carter doctrine came out,the United States and the Soviet Union returned to confrontation.