正统之外的典范:民国学者陶希圣对唯物史观的认知与运用

A Model Outside the Orthodoxy:Tao Xisheng’s Cognition and Application of Historical Materialism in the Period of the Republic of China

民国学者陶希圣一度被视为运用唯物史观研究中国史的代表,但与20世纪20年代以后多数中国马克思主义者宗奉苏式理论不同,陶希圣对当时流行的各种马克思主义流派一视同仁、兼容并包,主要通过考茨基、奥本海末尔、波格达诺夫等人的作品认识和接受马克思主义,更能吸取对马克思主义的各种批评与修正之论。陶希圣主要是运用唯物史观的基本方法,对其具体结论持审慎态度。由于陶希圣反对公式化的社会形态理论,拒绝将阶级斗争作为历史发展的主线,有意与中共的历史观点保持距离,以致长期被排斥在唯物史观阵营之外。陶希圣早年对唯物史观的认知与运用,透露出民国时期马克思主义理论谱系的内部分歧、马克思主义与其他思潮的纠葛、马克思主义的党外传播等信息。

Tao Xisheng,a scholar in the Republic of China,was once regarded as a representative of studying Chinese history with the method of historical materialism.Being different from most Chinese Marxists in the 1920 s,who upheld Marxism of the Soviet union,Tao Xisheng treated various schools of Marxism alike.He learned Marxism mainly through Kautsky,Oppenheim,and Bogdanov’s works,and thus could better absorb various criticisms and corrections of Marxism.Tao Xisheng used the basic method of historical materialism,but held a cautious attitude towards its specific conclusion.Due to his opposition to the formulaic theory of social forms,his refusal to treat class struggle as the main line of historical development,and his intention to keep a distance from the historical views of the Communist Party of China,Tao Xisheng was excluded from the camp of historical materialism for a long time.Tao Xisheng’s cognition and application of historical materialism in the early years of his life demonstrate the internal divisions of Marxism’s theoretical pedigree in the period of the Republic of China,the entanglement between Marxism and other ideological trends,and the spread of Marxism beyond the Communist Party of China.