清代红河地区粮食作物研究

Research on Grain Crops in Honghe Area in Qing Dynasty

清代云南红河地区的粮食作物主要为稻谷、荞麦、玉米。红河地区水热条件良好,加上梯田稻作的发展,使得稻谷在粮食作物结构中占据首要位置。荞麦则在山地占主导地位,这与各山居民族刀耕火种的耕作技术以及清中期之后的山地垦殖相适应。随着经济开发的深入,玉米等外来作物的重要性日益增长,在部分地区甚至成为粮食大宗。粮食作物结构的形成受自然地理环境及民族分布这两个因素的影响。居于河谷地带的傣族等以稻谷为主要粮食作物。山居民族中,彝族、苗族等以荞麦、玉米等旱地作物为主。梯田的开垦,使山居的哈尼族形成以稻谷为主的粮食作物结构。

In the Qing Dynasty,the main grain crops in Honghe area were rice,buckwheat and corn.Desirable water and heat conditions in Honghe area,coupled with the development of terraced rice fields,made rice rank the first in the structure of grain crops.Buckwheat was dominant in mountain areas,which was suitable for the slash-and-burn cultivation techniques of various mountain peoples and the cultivation in mountain areas after the mid-Qing Dynasty.With the economic development,the importance of foreign crops such as corn increased day by day,even becoming the staple food in some areas.The formation of grain crop structure was influenced by two factors,namely the natural geographical environment and ethnic distribution.Thus,the main grain crop for Dai people living in river valleys was rice while among the ethnic groups living on mountains,Yi and Miao nationalities mainly relied on dry land crops such as buckwheat and corn.The Hani people living on mountains developed rice-based grain crop structure owing to reclamation of terraced fields.