北宋农牧用地矛盾略论——以河北路为中心

Probe into Contradiction of Farming and Grazing Land in Northern Song Dynasty:Taking Hebei Area as the Center

北宋时期由于疆域狭小、人口迅速增长以及农田的大面积开垦,导致农牧用地矛盾十分尖锐。河北路在北宋时处于北部边防要地,宋廷在此先后设立了10余所大型牧监来豢养国马备边,但河北路又为传统的农耕区,由此产生了严重的农牧用地争端。在这一问题上,出现了分别代表农田和牧地两派大臣的激烈交锋。统治者的倾向也因时而变,北宋前期加强对牧地的保护和管理,北宋中后期往往采取牺牲牧地的办法来保障农业用地。北宋一代,农田和牧地反复进行着较量,农牧博弈最终以农进牧退而告终。本文考察了北宋时期河北路农牧用地矛盾,由此管窥以农为本的北宋王朝在与北方契丹政权较量中的政策抉择。

Due to the narrow territory,rapid population growth and farmland reclamation in the Northern Song Dynasty,the contradiction between land use for agriculture and animal husbandry was very sharp.Since Hebei area(name of administrative regions in the Song Dynasty)was at the northern border of the Northern Song Dynasty,the Song government set up more than ten large-scale animal husbandry wardens to raise state horses to defend the frontier successively.However,as a traditional farming area too,serious disputes over use of land were generated.On this issue,there had been fierce clashes between ministers representing farmland and pasture respectively.The ruler's tendency also changed with time.In the early Northern Song Dynasty,the protection and management of grazing land were strengthened while in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty,the method of sacrificing grazing land was often adopted to protect farming land.Throughout the Northern Song Dynasty,farming and grazing land had been in repeated contests,and the game ended in the retreat of grazing.Through the study of the contradiction of farming and grazing land in Hebei area during the Northern Song Dynasty,the agriculture-oriented policy choice by the Northern Song Dynasty can be seen for the contest with the northern Khitan regime.