清代中俄额尔古纳河界段起点之争的历史考察

The Historical Investigation of the Dispute between China and Russia over the Starting Point of Erguna River Boundary in Qing Dynasty

额尔古纳河界段起点是中俄东段水路边界和中段陆路边界的连接点。清代中俄两国围绕额尔古纳河界段起点产生了长期纷争。17-18世纪两国对额尔古纳河源的不科学认知是中俄额尔古纳河界段起点之争的根源;1689年《尼布楚条约》的俄文本与拉丁文本和满文本对额尔古纳河边界表述不一,是中俄额尔古纳河界段起点之争的肇始;1727年《阿巴哈依图界约》将中俄呼伦贝尔陆界与水界连接起来,确定以阿巴该图为额尔古纳河界段的起点,两国额尔古纳河界段起点之争暂息;20世纪初中俄重勘呼伦贝尔水陆边界,沙俄觊觎中国边陲重镇满洲里,力图将阿巴该图第63号国界鄂博南移,清政府则竭力捍卫1727年条约规定的这一界点,中俄额尔古纳河界段起点之争再起。中俄《满洲里界约》虽就第63号界点达成妥协,但旋即沙俄策动呼伦贝尔独立实际控制了呼伦贝尔地区,《满洲里界约》形同空文,额尔古纳河界段起点之争存续至清朝覆亡。

The starting point of the Erguna River boundary is the joint part of the eastern water boundary and middle land boundary between China and Russia.There was a long-term dispute during Qing dynasty between the two countries about the starting point due to the unscientific cognition of the source of Erguna river in the 17th and 18th centuries.The dispute began when the Russian,Latin and Manchu versions of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 had different references on the boundary of Erguna river,and ceased in 1727 when the Abagaitu Boundary Treaty determined that Abagaitu was the starting point of Erguna river boundary connecting the land and water boundary in Hulun Buir between China and Russia.However the dispute resumed when China and Russia resurveyed the land and water border of Hulun Buir at the beginning of the 20th century.Russia coveted the important China’s border town of Manzhouli by attempting to move the Border 63,Ebo,toward the south in Abagaitu while the Qing government tried to defend the boundary point stipulated in the Treaty of 1727.Although China and Russia reached a compromise on the boundary point of the Border 63 in the Manzhouli Boundary Treaty,Russia soon instigated Hulun Buir to take independence which indicates its actual control of the region.The Manzhouli Boundary Treaty was nothing but empty text,and the dispute over the starting point of the Erguna river boundary lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty.