藩部经略与直省支撑——二元疆域结构下甘肃在清朝经略西藏中的作用

Management of Ethnic Vassals and Support of Provinces under Direct Leadership of Central Government--Gansu’s Role in Tibet Management in Qing Dynasty under the Binary Territorial Structure

清朝在入关之前基本统一了漠南蒙古,同西藏顾实汗和达赖喇嘛有了使者联系。清朝入关后,统一了原明北方直省地区,同青海蒙古和西藏在地理上更为接近,联系也日益紧密,顺治朝达赖喇嘛入京朝觐便是这一形势的体现。清前期,清朝先后统一了漠北蒙古、漠西蒙古等藩部区域,最终实现了大一统,形成了"直省-藩部"二元并存的疆域结构,而甘肃作为原明九边之一,作为清朝最西北的直省,日益成为清朝统一和经略西藏的依托。对清朝经略西藏而言,甘肃地区在军事支撑和后勤保障上发挥着独特作用,体现了大一统王朝下直省和藩部之间的相互依存。

Before entering the Central Plains of China,Qing Dynasty had almost unified Monan Mongolia,and had established envoy contact with Tibetan GushiKhan and Dalai Lama.After Qing Dynasty unified the Central Plains,the distance between them and Qinghai Mongolians and Tibet had become closer,and the exchanges had been strengthened,and the Dalai Lama’s visit to Beijing was the embodiment of the very situation.In the early Qing Dynasty,they had unified the areas such as Mobei Mongolia and Moxi Mongolia,realized the great national unification and formed a binary territorial structure of"provinces under direct leadership of central government and ethnic vassals".As one of the nine border areas in Ming dynasty,Gansu is the farthest northwest province of Qing Dynasty,had gradually become the supporting point for Qing Dynasty to unify and manage Tibet.In terms of the Qing Dynasty’s management of Tibet,Gansu played a unique role in the military support and logistic service,which shows the interdependence between the provinces under direct leadership of central government and the ethnic vassals under the great unification.