卡特政府对华外交决策模式探析——以中美关系正常化进程中的重大事件为例

An Analysis on the Diplomatic Decision-Making Model of Carter Administration towards China--Take the Major Events during the Process of Normalization of Sino-U.S.Relations as an Example

卡特政府在对华关系正常化决策时采取了一种"集体——竞争"型的外交决策机制。这种机制兼具集体性、公开性和竞争性等优点,可减少个人专断和秘密外交的泛滥。但也因过于形式化、缺乏监督程序和无固定行为准则而使决策机构陷入了"多方辩护"的陷阱。而强调以理智寻求最佳方案的"理性行为者模式"和鼓励政治精英及组织进行博弈的"官僚政治模式"与卡特政府的决策模式在结构与形式上存在着一定的相似度,但并非完全契合。最终,可将其概括为:决策者在顾问团多方辩论、相互博弈以充分获取信息的基础上,综合考虑其他因素,进而排除不利选项以获取最佳方案的外交决策模式。

The Carter Administration adopted a"collective competition"diplomatic decision-making mechanism in the decision-making of normalization of relations with China.This mechanism has the advantages of collectivity,openness and competition,which can reduce the proliferation of personal arbitrariness and secret diplomacy.However,it falls into the trap of multi-defensesM because of its over formalization,lack of supervision procedures and no fixed norms of conduct.The"Rational Actor Model"which emphasizes seeking the best plan with reason and the"Bureaucratic Political Model"which encourages the political elites and organizations to play games have certain similarity in structure and form with the decision-making model of Carter Administration,but it is not completely consistent.Finally,it can be summarized as:the diplomatic decision-making mode in which the decision-makers consider other factors comprehensively on the basis of multi-party debate and mutual game to fully obtain information,and finally exclude adverse options to obtain the best plan.