超越自然法与法实证主义的对立格局--以德国“告密者案”为切入点

Transcending the Opposing Pattern of Natural Law and Legal Positivism:Using the Whistleblower Case as an Entry Point

战后德国法院清算民族社会主义时期所遗留的案件时,拉德布鲁赫提出了广为流传的解决方案,即拉德布鲁赫公式。拉德布鲁赫公式分为两个子公式:不能容忍公式以及否定公式。它的主要目的在于,当制定法正在遭受破坏时,法官或者法律职业者能起到抵制作用,若能保证法的安定性,便可以避免极权主义的侵蚀。然而,在具体解决告密者案的问题上,哈特对拉德布鲁赫的观点进行了批评,认为包括拉德布鲁赫在内的自然法学者存在一种浪漫的乐观主义,服从法律和法律的效力应当被区分开来。服从与否只是道德上是否履行义务,法律本身的效力并不受道德的影响。重新审视二者的争议,对寻找超越自然法与法实证主义的第三条道路是有所助益的。

When the post-war German's court liquidated cases left over by the age of national socialism,Radbruch made a widely circulated solution,namely the Radhruch's formula.The Radhruch's formula is divided into two sub-formulas:the intolerable formula and the negative formula.Its main purpose is that when the law is being destroyed,the judge or the legal profession can play a role of boycott,and if the stability of the law can be ensured,the erosion of totalitarianism can be avoided.However,in the specific solution to the problem of informers,Hart criticized the views of Radhruch that the natural law scholars,including Radhruch,took a romantic optimism,and obedience to the law and effect of the law should be distinguished.Obedience is only a moral obligation,the effectiveness of the law itself is not affected by morality.Therefore,to re-examine the dispute and to find the third path beyond the natural law and legal positivism can be helpful.