现象学视域下友爱的多重地位及其演变--兼论亚里士多德友爱哲学的现象学效应

The Multiple Statuses of Friendship and Their Evolution under the Phenomenological Perspective--The Phenomenological Effects of Aristotle’s Philosophy of Friendship

相对于注重在纵向神人关系中厘定人类生活方式及其命运的中世纪哲学,以及具有明显意识主体主义形而上学特征的近现代西方哲学,亚里士多德特别重视主要涉及横向人类关系的友爱问题,并摆置于显著地位。海德格尔、伽达默尔、德里达三位现象学家在反对意识主体性形而上学以及相应的伦理政治生活之形式主义、规则主义乃至虚无主义的过程中,某种程度上通过对亚里士多德友爱哲学及其一般实践哲学的化用、重构、批判或革新,逐渐将友爱重新引入哲学视野,甚至推向哲学思考的中心地带。在相对意义上,三位现象学家友爱之思的具体领域和重心以及相应的友爱定位有所不同,但是,在他们各自的哲思整体中,友爱问题都并不单纯局限于某一领域,而是与存在、生存、语言、真理、时间、伦理和政治等议题错综交织。友爱问题的广泛牵涉性和深厚渗透性,也映现了现象学的一个突出特征与趋势,亦即,在更源初、更深厚的层次上重新思考理论与实践、存在与伦理、主体与客体、自我与他者之间源始关联和沟通的可能性与必要性,并由此走向一种更富前景之现象学的实践哲学。

Compared with medieval philosophy which focused on determining the way of human life and its fate in the vertical relationship between man and God,and modern Western philosophy which had obvious characteristics of metaphysics of consciousness subjectivism,Aristotle paid much attention to friendship mainly involving the transverse relationship among human beings and placed it in a prominent position.While three phenomenologists,including Heidegger,Gadamer and Derrida,oppose metaphysics of subjectivity consciousness and corresponding formalism,prescriptivism and nihilism in political-ethical life,they gradually reintroduced friendship into philosophical vision,even to the heart of philosophical thinking largely based on appropriating,reconstructing,criticizing or transforming Aristotelian philosophy of friendship as well as his general practical philosophy.In a relative sense,the specific gravity of thought of friendship and its corresponding orientation are a little different among three phenomenologists.In each philosopher’s own thought as a whole,however,the question of friendship is not just limited to a particular field,but is correlated with various issues of being,existence,language,truth,meaning,time,ethics and politics.Such widely transitivity and deep penetration of the question of friendship also reflect one prominent characteristics or one trend of thoughts of phenomenological movement,that is,to rethink on one more primitive and profound level the possibility and necessity of original connection and communication among theory and practice,being and ethics,subject and object,self and the other etc.