乡土建筑气候适宜性策略在当代乡村振兴的应用研究

Research on the Application of the Climate Adaptability Strategy of Vernacular Architecture in Rural Revitalization

文章以湘东-赣西边境井冈山地区传统乡土建筑为研究对象,梳理湘赣边境乡土建筑在长期适应气候与自然的过程中所形成的适宜技术,总结并提取典型的气候适宜性策略。分析了在当今时代背景下,传统建造技艺传承的两个主要问题,探索建筑师如何在对现代性与地方性再认识的基础上,在传承和创新之间取得平衡。通过介绍在井冈山荷花乡大仓村的系列实践项目,印证一种符合现代生活方式的生态的、低碳的乡村振兴的可能,将当地乡土建筑中被证明有效的生态建造经验转化应用于当代工程设计实践中。

The original motivation for humans to build the houses is to resist the adverse weather effects of the outside world.There are various forms of vernacular architecture around the world evolved under the limited economic and technological conditions.These buildings use locally available materials and simple form to cope with different climate conditions.It can be concluded that the diversity of climate has created different styles of vernacular architecture around the world.However,since the 20th century,with the advancement of production technology,the irreversible urbanization process has spread to almost every village in China.The overreliance on the construction of power equipment and modern technology has cut the relationship between the vernacular architecture and the local nature,which makes the building lose its diversity and become more and more similar.Consequently,villages appear the same though in different areas.We have also witnessed mankind plundering a lot of natural resources for the construction of dwellings,which in turn disrupted the ecological balance and the common living environment of mankind.The traditional vernacular architecture is rooted in natural,social and economic environment.It not only contains the ecological philosophy of the harmonious symbiosis of architecture and nature,but also condenses the technical wisdom and experience of traditional craftsmen.The ecological construction logic of vernacular architecture responding to regional climate can be used as a reference for the contemporary sustainable construction adapting to the needs of modern life.Under the context of rural revitalization in China,it is suggested that more consideration should be given to harmonizing economic,ecological and cultural conditions with needs during the contemporary rural construction progress,so as to promote the inheritance and renewal of passive construction techniques of traditional vernacular architecture,and to create a sustainable rural environment.In this process,there are two main problems:1)the traditional construction mode requires a large amount of manpower and manual work.However,many young rural people have left their hometown for the city,so the labor in the countryside is scarce.As a result,the traditional construction model has lost its advantage;2)the traditional construction techniques and materials are relatively simple with poor durability,which cannot meet today’s requirements for living with the progress of the times,especially the need for safety and comfort.This paper takes the traditional vernacular architecture in Jinggangshan City of the Xiang-Gan border area as the research object.Firstly,in order to establish a basic understanding of the region’s climate,the paper analyzes the most prominent feature of the climate in this area,which is the high humidity throughout the year,hot and humid in summer,cold and wet in winter.Then,the typical residential types evolved under the influence of regional climate in this area are summarized.This is a kind of single house with an opening in the front eave wall or roof,which is known locally as Tian-men style,a variation on the patio.From two aspects of the local construction system and characteristic structure,the paper summarizes the appropriate technologies formed in the process of long-term adaptation to climate and nature of vernacular architecture in Xiang-Gan border area,and extracts the typical climate adaptability strategies of this region.Through the introduction of a series of practical projects completed in the past two years in Dachang village in Jinggangshan City,the possibility of an ecological and low-carbon rural revitalization in line with the modern lifestyle was verified.It is suggested that from two aspects,the proven effective experience of ecological construction in local vernacular architecture can be applied to the contemporary engineering design.One is to introduce modern construction mode,such as prefabricate assembly technology,to solve the problem of labor shortage,and the other is to optimize the traditional construction technology,such as improving the construction and materials of the envelop enclosure of the building to meet the needs of modern life.