关中平原典型村落农业转型对生态系统服务的影响研究

Impact of agricultural transformation of typical villages in Guanzhong Plain on agro-ecosystem services

全球化和城市化驱动农产品市场需求的日益增长正在推动农村和农业的转变与重构,深刻影响着农村经济、社会和生态发展之间的关系。以关中平原典型村落-余家营和马家村为例,研究城市化影响下农业转型对农业生态系统服务产生了何种影响,对探索城乡互动机制、乡村特色农业发展以及生态景观建设等具有重要意义。通过问卷调查,半结构式访谈、野外填图等对余家营村和马家村的土地利用变化及农业生态系统服务进行测评,分析了关中平原农业转型变化及其对农业生态系统服务的影响与机制。结果表明:(1)"粮-粮"和"粮-果"转型使农业景观、种植结构、农户行为等都发生较大变化,在由传统粮食生产向水果、蔬菜、苗木花卉等现代型农业转变过程中,作物品种由低产量、低品质转为高产量、高品质,并更趋多样化;出现少许耕地转变为草地和林地的现象;农户积极性提高,科技水平有所提升。(2)"粮-粮"和"粮-果"转型的生态系统服务均以正服务为主,其中"粮-果"经济生产功能增长较大,增长了523.9%,但"粮-果"转型造成的负向生态系统服务也较高,因此在农业转型中生产经济价值增长越大对生态系统服务的负向影响就越大。(3)农业转型主要受到城市化、国家政策的驱动,并通过影响农田的农业景观、农业结构、农户行为进而影响农业生态系统服务功能,反之,农业生态系统服务变化也会影响到国家政策以及农户行为。

The increasing demand for agricultural products under globalization and urbanization is driving the transformation of agriculture.It is also reshaping the rural,and profoundly affects the relationship between the economic,social,and ecological development in rural areas.Most domestic and foreign scholars’research on agricultural transformation and ecosystem services focuses on the effects of land-use change,urbanization,and landscape pattern changes on ecosystem services.Only a few focus on the process of agricultural transformation,agricultural ecosystem services,and their interaction mechanisms.Therefore,exploring the impact of current agricultural transformation on the agro-ecosystem has a practical significance in urban and rural development,ecological security construction,and sustainable development in urban agglomerations.Agro-ecosystem services(i.e.,agricultural multifunctionality)have always been research hotspots in the fields of geography and ecology and have theoretical significance as they reveal the relationship between agricultural transformation and agro-ecosystem services.This study investigates the effect of agricultural transformation on agricultural ecosystem services under the influence of urbanization.Take the Yujiaying and Majia Villages in the Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi Province,China as an example.It is of great significance to explore the interactive mechanism between urban and rural development,the development of specialty agriculture,and the construction of ecological landscapes.Based on the information of questionnaires,semi-structured interviews,and field mapping,the agricultural transformation and agro-ecosystem services were evaluated in the Yujiaying and Majia Villages.The effects and mechanisms of agricultural transformation on agro-ecosystem services were analyzed.Results show the following:(1)Under two transformations of grain-to-grain and grain-to-fruit,the large changes occur in agricultural landscapes,planting structures,and farmers’behavior.In the process of the shift from traditional grain production to modern agriculture,such as planting fruits,vegetables,seedlings,and flowers,crop species have changed from that having lower yield and quality to that having higher yield and quality.They are more diversified and low arable lands are converted into grassland and woodland.Furthermore,farmers’enthusiasm improved,and the agricultural technology improved.(2)The main of the ecosystem services of“grain to grain”and“grain to fruit”transformation are supply services in positive services,of which the economic production function of“grain to fruit”has increased quickly about 523.9%,but the negative ecosystem services caused by“grain to fruit”transformation are also higher,so the greater the economic value growth of production in agricultural transformation,the greater the negative impact on ecosystem services.(3)Agricultural transformation is mainly affected by urbanization and national policies.Under agricultural transformation,the change of agro-ecosystem services is affected by the agricultural landscape,agricultural structure,and farmers’behavior.Conversely,these changes would feedback to national policymaking and farmers’behavior.This study conducted a quantitative measurement of agricultural transformation.The coupling mechanism between agricultural transformation and agro-ecosystem services were also generalized by analyzing two typical agricultural villages currently experiencing agricultural transformation.It is significant to identify the agricultural transformation model in the urban agglomeration of the Guanzhong Plain to understand the relationship between agricultural development and ecosystems in the context of globalization and resolve local agriculture development issues by exerting agro-ecosystem services.