二维材料的合成方法及在催化领域应用的研究进展

Review on the Synthesis Techniques of Two-dimensional Materials and Their Application in the Field of Catalysis

催化技术作为能源转化和环境污染治理领域的重要手段之一,对人类生存环境的改善发挥了巨大作用。随着实际应用需求的不断深化,研究人员致力于研发具有更大比表面积、更多高暴露反应位点和更短反应物/产物扩散途径等特性的新型催化材料。低维纳米材料由于维度低,具有更丰富、特殊的物理和化学性质。其中二维(2D)纳米材料得益于其超薄的层状结构,具有较大的比表面积、高密度的表面活性位点、优异的光电和力学性能,以及易于界面传输和更短的扩散路径,非常适合被用作催化剂。近年来,研究者们致力于开发新型2D材料,积极研究2D材料在催化领域的独特优势,并优化其合成方法,以期尽早实现规模化应用。目前,多种2D材料如石墨烯、黑磷(BP)、过渡金属硫化物(TMDs)、层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)等相继被发现。根据2D材料母体是否具有分层结构,选择自上而下的剥离法(微机械剥离法、氧化/还原剂插层辅助剥离法、机械力辅助剥离法、离子交换辅助剥离法及刻蚀辅助剥离法)或自下而上的可控合成策略(化学气相沉积法和湿化学法)应用于制备较高质量的超薄2D纳米材料。它们由于具有高度暴露的表面原子、优异的电子特性和力学性能,在能源催化反应如析氢反应(HER)、析氧反应(OER)、氧还原反应(ORR)、二氧化碳还原反应(CO 2RR)等,以及环境催化反应如选择性催化还原反应(SCR)和对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的催化转化中展示出优异的催化性能。可通过表面修饰/功能化、相位工程等策略对2D材料性能进行微观精细调控,进一步优化其催化性能。本文基于2D材料的分类、特性和应用领域,重点概述2D材料的结构特性和合成方法,详细总结其在催化领域的研究热点与进展并提出展望,以期为2D材料在催化领域的研究及应用提供借鉴。

As one of the important means in the field of energy conversion and environmental pollution control,catalytic technology has played a huge role in improving the quality of human living environment.With the deepening of practical application requirements,researchers are committed to developing new catalytic materials with larger specific surface area,more highly exposed reaction sites and shorter reactant/product diffusion pathways.Low-dimensional nanomaterials induce rich physical and chemical properties due to the reduction in dimensions.The two-dimensional(2D)nanomaterials benefit from theirs ultra-thin layered structure,large specific surface area,high density of surface active sites,excellent photoelectric and mechanical properties,and easy interface transmission and shorter diffusion,which is suitable for being used as a catalyst.In recent years,researchers have been working on the development of new 2D materials,actively researching the unique advantages of 2D materials in the field of catalysis,and optimizing their synthesis methods in order to achieve large-scale applications as early as possible.At present,various 2D materials such as graphene,black phosphorus(BP),transition metal sulfides(TMDs),transition metal oxides(TMOs),and layered double hydroxides(LDHs)have been discovered.Top-down peeling method(micromechanical cleavage,oxidation/reduction-based intercalation-assisted exfoliation,mechanical force-assisted exfoliation,ion exchange-assisted exfoliation,and etching-assisted exfoliation)and bottom-up controllable synthesis strategies(chemical vapor deposition and wet chemical methods)were applied to prepare higher quality ultra-thin 2D nanomaterials according to whether the bulk materials have a layered structure.However,the research on 2D materials is still not mature enough.The yield and quality are far away from industrialization and commercialization.At the same time,micro-fine control of 2D material properties is needed to further optimize its catalytic performance.Due to their highly exposed surface atoms,excellent electronic properties and mechanical properties,in energy catalytic reactions such as hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO 2RR),etc.,and environmental catalytic reactions such as selective catalytic reduction(SCR)and catalytic conversion of volatile organic compounds(VOC)exhibit excellent catalytic performance.And the micro-fine control of 2D material properties can be carried out through surface modification/functionalization and phase engineering strategies to further optimize its catalytic performance.Based on the classification,characteristics and application fields of 2D materials,this paper focuses on the structural characteristics and synthesis methods of 2D materials,summarizes their research hotspots and progress in the field of catalysis,and proposes prospects for the research and application of 2D materials in the field of catalysis.